Module 13 · Vulnerability Triage at Scale

Manish Garg
Manish Garg Associate of (ISC)² · RingSafe
Apr 27, 2026
2 min read
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Last updated: April 29, 2026

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Why this module. A typical enterprise scan returns 50,000+ CVEs across servers, containers, dependencies. Trying to “fix all critical/high” is mathematically impossible at that scale. Modern triage uses EPSS, KEV, reachability, and asset criticality to focus the 200 fixes that matter.

Why this module. A typical enterprise scan returns 50,000+ CVEs across servers, containers, dependencies. Trying to “fix all critical/high” is mathematically impossible at that scale. Modern triage uses EPSS, KEV, reachability, and asset criticality to focus the 200 fixes that matter.

The signals beyond CVSS

  • CVSS — severity in theory. The original signal; loud and noisy. Many CVSS-9.8 vulns are unexploited; many CVSS-5 are actively exploited.
  • EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) — FIRST.org probability of exploit in next 30 days. 0-100%. EPSS > 0.7 = act now.
  • KEV (Known Exploited Vulnerabilities) — CISA’s list of CVEs known exploited in the wild. Hard fact, not prediction. Highest priority.
  • Reachability — does YOUR application call the vulnerable function? Tools: Snyk, Endor Labs, Semgrep.
  • Asset criticality — internet-facing prod servers ≠ dev sandboxes.
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