Module 27 · WebSockets, SSE, WebRTC — Realtime Web Vulnerabilities

Manish Garg
Manish Garg Associate of (ISC)² · RingSafe
May 14, 2026
2 min read
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Why this module exists. WebSockets, Server-Sent Events, and WebRTC create persistent realtime connections that bypass the HTTP request-response model. Testing them requires different tools and a different mental model. This module covers the attack patterns specific to realtime web technologies.

Why realtime channels need different testing

  • Persistent connection rather than request-response.
  • Often bypass HTTP-aware controls (rate limit, WAF rules).
  • Authentication happens at connection-open; subsequent messages may not re-validate.
  • Message framing varies; binary, JSON, custom protocols.
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