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Modules tagged Advanced. Use the sidebar to narrow by track or topic.
DPIA — Data Protection Impact Assessment Under DPDP
Why this module exists. §10(2)(c) requires Significant Data Fiduciaries (SDFs) to conduct DPIAs. The Rules (when published) will likely extend DPIA expectations to high-risk processing by all Data Fiduciaries. Most Indian businesses have never done one. The methodology is more practical than the legal text suggests. What a DPIA is A structured assessment of a […]
Azure RBAC & Privilege Escalation Paths
Why this module exists. Azure has two parallel permission systems — RBAC for management plane (resources), Entra ID roles for identity plane. Most engineers treat them as one. Attackers know they’re separate, and the mismatched grants are where privilege escalation lives. The two-plane model Management plane (Azure RBAC). Who can create / read / modify […]
GCP IAM & Workload Identity Federation
Why this module exists. Every Indian SaaS that adopted GCP after 2022 inherited an IAM model fundamentally different from AWS. The pieces look similar — IAM, service accounts, roles — but the wiring is different and the attack paths are different. If you bring AWS muscle memory to GCP, you’ll either over-permission everything or miss […]
Service Mesh Security — Istio, Linkerd, mTLS
Why this module exists. “We added Istio and now we have zero trust.” No, you don’t. Service mesh adds powerful primitives — mTLS, identity-aware authorization — but most installations use ~20% of those primitives. The remaining 80% is where attacks live. What service mesh actually does An Envoy / Linkerd-proxy sidecar intercepts every request entering […]
Multi-Cloud Identity Federation Attack Surface
Why this module exists. Indian enterprises in 2026 are multi-cloud. Workloads on AWS, identity in Entra ID, data lakes in GCP, kubernetes on multiple clouds. Each integration uses identity federation — and each federation is a trust boundary that attackers can pivot across. The bugs that matter are at the seams between clouds, not within […]
Container Escape — From Pod to Node
Why this module exists. Containers are isolation, not security. The Linux kernel boundary between container and host has historically had escape paths every 6-18 months. Most enterprises run Kubernetes with Pod Security policies set to “permissive” because it’s the default. Every red team checks for container-escape primitives first. What “container escape” means A process inside […]
Read-Only Domain Controllers (RODCs) — Attack & Defence
Why this module exists. RODCs were Microsoft’s 2008 answer to “we need a DC at a branch office, but the branch office has no physical security.” The model: cache only specific user passwords; if the RODC is stolen, only those users’ hashes are exposed. The reality: misconfigured RODCs cache more than admins realise, and compromised […]
AD Tier-0 Hardening — The Defender’s Playbook
Why this module exists. Most AD breaches succeed because Domain Admin credentials end up exposed on workstations or member servers. Microsoft’s Tiered Administration Model (originally “Securing Privileged Access” / “Enterprise Access Model”) is the structural fix. It’s well-documented and rarely implemented in full. This module is the practical playbook. The model Three tiers, in increasing […]
Group Policy Object (GPO) Abuse
Why this module exists. Group Policy was designed in 2000 to centralise Windows administration. It’s still the primary configuration mechanism for AD-joined hosts in 2026. Attackers learned its weaknesses long ago; defenders mostly still don’t audit GPO ACLs. Three flavours of GPO abuse pay off in nearly every internal pentest. The GPP cpassword bug — […]
Azure AD / Entra ID Attack Surface
Why this module exists. Indian enterprises moved their identity to Microsoft 365 / Entra ID (formerly Azure AD) in waves between 2019 and 2024. Attackers followed. The 2023-25 surge in token-theft and consent-phishing attacks is now the dominant initial-access technique against Microsoft-shop enterprises. Different concepts, different tools, different defenders. How Entra ID is different from […]
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