Cybersecurity, learned like a practitioner.
24 learning paths · 398 modules live · every lesson written by someone who has shipped the control or run the engagement. Free to start.
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Most recent practitioner playbooks across every track. Filter by topic, level, or search in the sidebar.
The Network Forensics Mindset
Network logs are evidentiary in regulator inquiries and lawsuits. They have weight when properly preserved. The discipline: timestamps in UTC, defined retention, chain of custody, immutable archive. Without these, “we have logs” doesn’t answer “can the regulator rely on them?” The mindset: every log is a future court exhibit. Build retention and integrity for that […]
IAM Policies Are Contracts
An IAM policy is a contract. Effect: Allow on Action: * is a blank-cheque clause. Resource: * with NotAction negation is a “everything except” clause. Attackers read policies as contracts. Find the over-broad clauses. Exploit. The mindset: review IAM policies like legal contracts. What’s allowed? What’s explicitly denied? What’s implicitly allowed?
The Implicit Trust of AD
Active Directory assumes a cooperative environment. Members trust each other. Domain controllers trust members. Trusts between domains assumed friendly. Every “feature” — Kerberos delegation, ACL inheritance, group nesting — is a cooperation primitive. Each is exploitable when the cooperation assumption fails. The mindset: AD’s features are its attack surface. Each was designed for ease, not […]
Cloud Logs Have Detection Gaps
CloudTrail records management plane by default. Data plane (S3 reads) requires explicit data events. Most teams skip it for cost. Result: attacker reads sensitive S3 buckets; no log entry. Defender has no evidence post-breach. The mindset: enabling all logs is expensive. Enabling none is more expensive. Tier by sensitivity.
Service Accounts Outlive Their Purpose
Service accounts get created. They stay forever. The original requester left in 2019. The service was decommissioned in 2021. The account remains, with the same permissions, the same password. Audit reveals: 30-50% of high-priv service accounts have no current owner. 20%+ haven’t had password change in 5+ years. The mindset: service accounts need lifecycle. Ownership, […]
The Tenant-of-One Assumption
Multi-tenant cloud: same physical hardware, different tenants. Side channels exist. Cross-tenant attacks researched (Spectre/Meltdown class). Most are theoretical or patched. Some succeed. The assumption “I’m the only tenant on this VM” is wrong; the assumption “tenant boundary is impervious” is sometimes wrong. The mindset: high-stakes workloads → confidential computing or single-tenant variants where available.
Permission Drift
User joins team A. Gets group memberships. Moves to team B. Gets new memberships. Old memberships rarely removed. Repeats over years. Result: senior engineers have memberships from every team they’ve been on. The set of effective permissions is unknowable without explicit query. The mindset: permissions need negative review (what should be removed) more than positive […]
Reading the Directory as a Graph
Microsoft Management Console shows AD as a tree. BloodHound shows it as a graph. The graph view changes everything. Nodes: users, groups, computers, GPOs, OUs. Edges: HasMember, AdminTo, GenericWrite, GenericAll, ForceChangePassword, etc. Attack paths emerge from graph structure. The mindset: think in graphs. Every node has incoming edges (who controls me) and outgoing edges (what […]
Why GPO Defaults Matter
GPOs have defaults. Defaults from when AD launched. “Not Defined” usually means “system default” — which may be insecure. Examples: NTLM still allowed. LM hash still stored on some configs. Anonymous SID enumeration enabled. Each is a backdoor that nobody actively turned on. The mindset: assume nothing is restricted unless explicitly restricted. Apply CIS or […]
The Time Aspect of Kerberos
TGT typical lifetime: 10 hours. Forged Golden Ticket: any lifetime. Until krbtgt rotates, attacker maintains DA via tickets attacker forges. Service ticket cache: residual access for hours after permission revocation. Cache flushing rare; impact uncertain. The mindset: time-bound credentials need time-bound revocation, not just permission revocation.
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